The Minimum Wage Must Be Increased Essay - 1488 Words

â€Å"Of course, nothing helps families make ends meet like higher wages. †¦ And to everyone in this Congress who still refuses to raise the minimum wage, I say this: If you truly believe you could work full-time and support a family on less than $15,000 a year, go try it. If not, vote to give millions of the hardest-working people in America a raise.† –President Obama, State of the Union address, Jan. 20, 2014 In the 2014 State of the Union address, President Obama called on Congress to raise the national minimum wage from $7.25 to $10.10 an hour, and soon after signed an Executive Order to raise the minimum wage to $10.10 for the individuals working on new federal service contracts. An increase in the minimum wage has been a topic of†¦show more content†¦Professor of Economics and author Ravi Batra found that employment has increased almost every time the minimum wage has gone up (187). For example, in the year following the minimum wage increase in 1997, the last time there was such a raise, employment rose by 1.9 million people. In 47 years the minimum wage increased 17 times, 14 of which saw a rise in employment a year after the increase took place. Even in the short-term, an increased minimum wage will not create unemployment. As for small businesses being harmed by an increase in minimum wage, Batra proves that a rise in minimum wage, as long as it is not faster than the rise in prices, will not adversely affect the businesses’ profits. He says that a business’s profit equals the revenue, less wage costs and all other costs. Batra offers an example with a popular fast-food franchise: Suppose you own a McDonald’s franchise; a teenage cook makes ten hamburgers per hour for you, and each hamburger is sold for $2. Your hourly business revenue from hiring that cook is $20, i.e., price times the cook’s output. Suppose all other costs add up to $12 per hour of production, and the minimum wage you pay the cook is $5 per hour. Then your hourly profit from hiring that cook is $3 [$20 - $5 - $12]. Now suppose all costs a prices double, that is, a hamburger fetches $4, the minimum wage becomes $10, and other costs rise to $24.Show MoreRelatedEssay on The Minimum Wage Must Be Increased1575 Words   |  7 PagesNo family gets rich from earning the minimum wage. In fact, the current minimum wage does not even lift a family out of poverty. -- Jon Corzine Many people can think back and remember what it was like to put in an application for that first job and be presented with a position. Taking that position represents adulthood and is a very exciting time for a young person. All first jobs usually start with a minimum wage. Minimum wage is the minimum an employer has to pay an unskilled workerRead MoreThe Effects Of Minimum Wage On The Economy1391 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects Minimum Wage on the Economy The controversial topic about increasing minimum wage is debated countless times over the years. Minimum wage is the lowest wage an employer can pay an employee permitted by law. The contemporary federal minimum wage is $7.25. Minimum wage applies to all domestic workers but teenagers are the main receivers of minimum wage. Minimum wage has a major effect on the economy. The question is are the effects positive or negative. There are many arguments on whetherRead MoreShould The Miniumum Wage Be Increased? No?1477 Words   |  6 PagesShould the Miniumum Wage be Increased? No. In recent times, Congress has been spending a great deal of time advocating increasing the federal minimum wage from $7.25 to $10.10. Most democrats support the proposal; however, most republicans oppose it. The greatest reason republicans have to oppose a minimum wage increase is that the jobs lost from an increase outweigh the benefits of paying higher wages to workers who keep their jobs, and that a majority of those earning the wage are students who areRead MoreJob Openings And Labor Turnover Essay1422 Words   |  6 PagesTurnover in the Restaurants and hotels Employees play a pivotal role in delivering customer service to customers and generally speaking companies are aware of that role. However, companies seek out every avenue necessary to keep internal cost at a minimum while being able to offer price commitment. A great deal of these cost reduction strategies maybe the cause of the increase in the latest turnover number in 2014. It was reported that for the past four years prior to 2014 there has been an increaseRead MoreMinimum Wage Persuasive Essay1067 Words   |  5 Pages2013 Persuasive Essay $7.25 equals two gallons of gas, one fast food meal, or a simple school supply. With the minimum wage at the current rate you must work one hour to earn the seven dollars and twenty-five cents that only supply you with small necessities for everyday living. This problem was encountered before and was resolved with the agreement to higher the minimum wage from $5.85 to the current $7.25. Although that was a big increase in salaries, was it truly enough? This controversyRead MoreMinimum Wage At The United States1129 Words   |  5 Pagesintended to raise the current minimum wage floor of $7.25 in the United States stalled in Congress. As the November election approaches, many Democratic senate members are placing the issue of minimum wage at the forefront of their election campaigns, hoping to sway working-class voters in their favor. The issue of minimum wage has become a matter of politics, politics which far overshadow the far more pertinent concern of minimum wage’s econom ic effects. Minimum wage is a complex issue, and understandingRead MoreMinimum Wage Should Be Raised910 Words   |  4 Pagesmaximize the American Dream on the minimum wage† (Benjamin Todd Jealous). In 1938, minimum wage was created by the federal government in order to protect workers by ensuring a minimum of twenty-five cents per hour worked. Though President Roosevelt had the right idea in protecting the workforce, something needs to be done to ensure that Americans are getting a reasonable amount of money for the amount of hours they have worked. As Benjamin Todd Jealous stated, minimum wage is not enough for the averageRead MoreMinimum Wage And The Wage1639 Words   |  7 PagesMinimum wage is one of the many microeconomic policies that serve to correct imbalance in the economy. It is defined as the lowest amount of remuneration required of an employer to pay his employees during a given period of work. There exist different laws in different states that can fix the min imum wage policy. A current economic issue is minimum wage, or specifically, its pertinence to social inequality. Many sectors of society would be affected by changes in this policy. Minimum wage relies onRead MoreThe Minimum Wage Policy During The United States1714 Words   |  7 Pagesincrease the federal minimum wage. Headlines throughout the country highlight recent minimum wage policy changes in major cities such as Los Angeles and Seattle. Last month, Governor Andrew Cuomo of New York announced an approved minimum wage increase to $15 an hour for all fast food workers in the state (McGeehan). Even the website for the White House has a separate page, â€Å"Raise the Wage,† advocating for Congress to increase the federal minimum wage to $10.10 an hour (Raise the Wage). The most commonlyRead MoreMinimum Wage And The Wage1176 Words   |  5 Pageswork weeks at minimum wage can be insufficient to provide for life’s necessities. Many minimum wage workers must supplem ent their income with taxpayer-funded federal assistance programs in addition to working beyond the standard 40 hour work week. There is an economical and ethical imperative to increase the pay of low-income workers, and this can most effectively be done by raising the federally established minimum wage. The federal government assumed responsibility for ensuring wage fairness by implementing

Return to Federalism Research Paper - 3772 Words

Annie Reynolds Return to Federalism Push Back Against the Expansion of Federal Government Power In questions of power then, let no more be heard of confidence in man, but bind him down from mischief by the chains of the Constitution. - Thomas Jefferson Summary Over the past several decades, we as a people have allowed the fundamental principles written in our Constitution to be forgotten, distorted, or completely ignored. This did not happen overnight but rather bit-by-bit over time until we are faced with a system of government that is not, as the founders intended, based on Federalism and individual freedom, but rather a National system far removed from the principles for which†¦show more content†¦During the ratification debates for the Constitution it become apparent to many that the principle of federalism was not spelled out strongly enough. Five states insisted on an amendment to the Constitution that would make the principle of federalism clear to future generations. The purpose of the Tenth Amendment is to clearly define the principle of federalism for future generations. The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution states, â€Å"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people†. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act – Obama Care At present, more than half of the United States is suing the federal government over Obama Care. Virginia was the first state to argue in Federal Court that the new health care law and its individual mandate is unconstitutional. It is Virginia’s position that mandating the purchase of a private product goes beyond the power of congress. There has never, in the history of the United States, been a law requiring citizens to purchase a product. Apparently, up until this point, everyone knew that Congress did not have the power to impose one. Central to the argument of the federal government, is the Commerce Clause of theShow MoreRelatedDifferences Between Unitary And Federal System1524 Words   |  7 PagesResearch Paper: Federalism Usually people tend to take governmental institutions in account only at national levels. However, it is important to have a look at the lower levels as well, specifically at state or provincial levels. The major distinctions that can be made are between unitary and federal systems. Only the central government has the constitutional sovereignty and power in unitary system. The central government shares that constitutional sovereignty and power in subdivisions called, statesRead MoreNegative Effects Of Federalism And Free Speech1838 Words   |  8 Pagespositives and negatives that accompany them. In this paper I will talk about and assessing positive and negative effects in which federalism, social liberties and common freedoms have on free speech. Federalism As with everything else in the world there are positives and negatives when it comes to federalism and free speech. First we will be discussing the positive impacts that federalism has on free speech. A positive impact that federalism has on free speech would be the questioning of whetherRead MoreThe Sources Of Fossil Fuels1429 Words   |  6 PagesSheldon Fogle Telescope to Microscope Research Paper #1 Revision April 19th 2015 Abstract This paper will discuss the three main fossil fuels which are oil, coal, and natural gas. This research shows how the fossil fuels are formed, where they could be found, and explain how they were formed over millions of years. This paper will show the numerous advantages of fossil fuels compared to the disadvantages and how they are hurting the Earth. Fossils fuels are critical to the function ofRead MoreThe United States Of America Fought For Independence2502 Words   |  11 Pagesapprove a law. The Constitution fixed this with needing a majority vote for the House or Senate to approve a law, but also â€Å"before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States; If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill , itRead MoreResearch Proposal Essay1995 Words   |  8 PagesStatement of Research Proposal My broader research interests lie in the areas of international and comaparative political economy, applied game theory and quanttitative methodology. My current research projects focus on the simultaneous interaction between politics and economy at both the national and the international levels. I am particularly interested in the dynamic relationship between economic liberalization and political survival of authoritarian regimes. I also have a special interestRead MorePrison Reform Topic Paper : Prisons6604 Words   |  27 PagesPrison Reform Topic Paper Submitted By: Toni Nielson - CSU, Fullerton Unique Educational Opportunities Prisons are closed institutions. They are established and funded by governments to hold people against their will, but why punish (Zyl Smit, 2010)? What is the purpose of prison? This fundamental question stirs up a significant amount of debate. The government, citizens, educators, and even prisoners are divided about the right answers. There is disagreement in the US about the purpose ofRead MorePoli 330 Entire Course (Dqs -Checkpoints Critical Paper)9209 Words   |  37 PagesPOLI 330 Entire Course (DQs -Checkpoints Critical Paper) Purchase here https://sellfy.com/p/hz7O/ Product Description POLI 330 ENTIRE COURSE,Week 1 discussions Politics in Our Daily Lives (graded)As we read and discuss the definition of politics, let’s also consider the consequences of political decisions upon our daily routines. Can you think of a time when a political act impacted your daily life? What made this experience political? As we begin our discussions, let’s not forgetRead MorePoli 330 Entire Course – Devry (Dqs -Checkpoints Critical Paper)4649 Words   |  19 PagesPOLI 330 ENTIRE COURSE – DEVRY (DQS -CHECKPOINTS CRITICAL PAPER) To purchase this, Click here http://www.activitymode.com/product/poli-330-entire-course-devry-dqs-checkpoints-critical-paper/ Contact us at: SUPPORT@ACTIVITYMODE.COM DEVRY POLI 330 ENTIRE COURSE (DQS -CHECKPOINTS CRITICAL PAPER) Week 1 discussions Politics in Our Daily Lives (graded) As we read and discuss the definition of politics, let’s also consider the consequences of political decisions upon our daily routinesRead MoreEnlightenment Period effect on Latin America2435 Words   |  10 Pageslarger states and distribute them among the poor. Unlike Indians, mestizos viewed criollos as part 1 Scollon, Ronald, and Suzanne B. K. Scollon. Intercultural Communication: A Discourse Ap- proach. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1995. Print. Research Paper Martinez 2 of the Spanish authority, but they still joined forces against Spain.2 The Enlightenment would bring conflicting ideals to the Latin America between the people and ruling elites. Revolution started in Mexico with El Grito deRead MoreAtheism : Argentina s National Reality Essay2207 Words   |  9 Pagesstandards are expected. These patterns show that religion acts as a tool and guideline to individuals who in return use religion to justify moral acts. Yet, is this to say that if one is not religious, they cannot be a moral human being? This fear of moral decline because of a lack in religion is just one of the many verbalized concerns that follows the topic of atheism. This qualitative research will explore Atheism in Argentina and attempt to understand what it’s like to live in a country in which

Winning the War on Healthcare Harm Summary

Question: Explain about Chasing Zero for Winning the War on Healthcare Harm Summary? Answer: Safety of patient is a worldwide challenge that necessitates skills and knowledge in several areas, including systems engineering as well as human factors. As seen in the documentary, a number of factors can contribute towards healthcare harm endangering the life of helpless people who have completely entrusted their lives to medical professionals. Human as well as technological errors can cause loss of life as well as severe legal actions against the hospital and the hospital personnel. Technological and manufacturing errors such as similar labelling of drugs or their covers, software errors leading to wrong prescription for the patients or wrong composition of medicines often leads to wrongful human errors and might risk the life of patients. Similarly, human errors such as lack of proper communication among medical personnel, not paying much attention to the drug or drug composition to be administered might always cause serious risk to the patient. The vital weapons against health care harm are leadership, safe practices and technology; leadership means involvement of the hospital and health care facilities with experts and leaders in the healthcare field to understand and effectively implement new and innovative methods in the institutions for better healthcare, safe practices like the WHO checklist and National Quality Forum safe practices must be practiced by every healthcare facility around the world and of course implementing these practices in coordination with latest technology will lead to elimination of healthcare harm. Some institutions like the Mayo clinic have great coordination among nurses, routine briefing by the leaving nurse to the nurse taking over by personally interacting with the patient is followed which makes the nurse and the patient comfortable with each other and also leads to effective management by the nurse as she get well acquainted with the patients treatment. The IHI checklist formulated by medical students has also helped in making things simpler, predictable, standardized and enhanced communication. New and innovative platforms such as CPOE simulator and automated infection identification and medication systems (AIIMS) that is used to identify and prevent impact of infections using computer systems have additionally helped in better management of health of patients. Thus, as a novice health care provider, I would encourage better coordination among healthcare personnel as well as use of latest technology to elimination healthcare harm and promote a safer medical environment.

Provided Articles Dealing Aspect Of Power â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Provided Articles Dealing Aspect Of Power? Answer: Introducation Organizational behavior is an important aspect in building an infrastructure, which determines both the individual and group performances in any particular organization. The studies and the researches in this field analyze the human behavior in a work environment, which in turn affects the business structure, performance, leadership and commercial gain. The studies related to this field examine the interconnection between the management and the workforce. Models relative to this topic enhance the behavioral management in a team or an organization promoting motivation and correct leadership style, which is an essentiality to build a constructive team to increase the efficiency of the organization. Researches and analysis are performed on the literature reviews on the different organizational management criteria. Based on the articles provided, it is appropriate that experiments were conducted stating different aspects of decision making relative to power-possession and leadership qual ities. This report analyzes the methodologies and provides concluding reviews on the experiments, mainly focused on the subjective utilization of power. Alongside, the role of the confident leaders in management is indicated through tested situations. Quality analysis relative to the provided substance is presented in the upcoming sections. Article Summary: The first article specifically deals with the behavioral aspects regarding certain management issues when the executives are the beholder of immense official power (Fast et al. 2012). The article initiates with management and the leadership styles of the British Petroleum (BP) Executives. Their overconfident approach towards the risk management involved in this case resulted in the demise of workers from the explosion caused by a massive oil leakage while another recorded case would be of a large business integration that took place in 2000, resulting in an economic loss of $54 billion in shareholder market leading to the demise of the CEO. In both the circumstances, the decision-making regarding the organization was highly influenced by the over-confidence prevailing in the leaders. Lack of valid researches surrounding an organizational decision is thus, witnessed to cause potential harm. This article briefs the way over-confidence becomes a determinant of power through vivid explan ation of power and adapting few theoretical and empirical supports that insights certain experiments relative to the establishment of the relationship between power and overconfidence leading to managerial distortions. The five-approx experimentations utilizing various methodologies were approaches, leading to the completion of the objectives. The next article surfaces around power and loss aversion issues, focusing on the results of power on the characteristics of an individual and the ultimate reflections of the same on decision-making.(Inesi 2010). This documented analysis is done in an approach to establish more radical claims on the accusations against power-holders of being hypocritical, which is found to be more profound once they acquire power, wherein the power has the potential to alternate the anticipated results relatively to both gains and losses. This article sets loss aversion as the base of biased decisions from the power holders. Experimentations establish the relationship between power and loss aversion and possible anticipated risks surrounding it. The generalized analysis of the four experiments involved in the article resolves that power have an effect of minimizing loss aversion with higher level of anticipated gains. The final article in the queue relates the effect of overconfidence on the efficiency as a leader (Shipman and Mumford 2011). This document states the importance of self-confidence in leaders as an essentiality simultaneously, viewing the excessive amount of confidence in a person might adversely affects the leadership he is assigned. The set of information provides the possible pointers indicating prevailing over-confidence in a leader and the way it is influential on the performances. Majorly, the article also reveals how the most needed qualities as a result, when in excessive amount can prove to be destructive for an organization. Through vivid explanations relative to self and over-confidence, four prime hypotheses are constructed to determine the objectives utilizing variant methodologies. The results are indicative towards the effects of over-confidence on leadership qualities including vision, planning or strategizing. Based on evidences, hypotheses lead to generalized concep ts of the effects. Article Analysis: The article with the objective to establish that power is detrimental to over confidence influencing the decision-making process, conducted five experiments evidently presenting the same (Fast et al. 2012). Throughout the experiments, a persistent support was found relative to the promotion of over-confidence with the presence of power in cases. In contrast to this study, overconfident individuals are more likely to gain power. Although, the present analysis consists of few limitations, including the fact that the experiments were conducted in field-settings but in laboratory as well therefore, it will be correct to state that a more systematic and generalized view would be achievable if field-set experiments are conducted, majorly in work places including larger size samples. Another noted limitation in this study is the lacking of the estimation on the long-term effects of the relative terms as to whether it would decrease or increase. Little research is conducted on the effects of power on powerful individual in organizations during the decision-making process. While the strength of the article is that the present discoveries through this article successfully contributes to the literature of power and decision making, secondly, in small size but still to the profound relationship between power and performances and thirdly, presents a valid theoretical knowledge on the behavioral and psychological effects on an individual. This study conducted four experimentations relative to power and its effects on loss aversion indicating that power increases the level of anticipated gains associated in a case (Inesi 2010). On the analysis of the experiments, it is found that the article in a productive way established the factor that power does reduces the chance of loss aversion. Following the experiments, it is easy to state that the experiment 1 did present the fact that loss aversions are less among people with prime power. While the experiment 2 and 3 evidently presented the major conditions relating power and loss aversion with an anticipation power is essential for avoiding negative outcomes with no such differences found in anticipated value for positive outcomes relative to power conditions. Experiment 4 performed; brought together the results of the past experiments to provide a final step to measure the independent effects if the stated factors. The study presented the measures, which passed the test of time having real implications on the individuals involved. The experiments present consistent results, contributing to the theory of power engaged with the domain of losses and gains. This study proves to be a significant step towards establishing the relationship and the effects and hence is successful in its objective. This article dealing with the variant hypotheses establishes the possible effects of over-confidence on the leadership qualities in diverse ways, through researches with some noted limitations and possible practical implications potential to be applied on the real world leaders (Shipman and Mumford 2011). The limitation firstly stretches to the point that an undergraduate sample was considered for the study and analysis of the topic, with potential explanations about the effects on leadership roles but the query is relative to the generalization that might be applicable in reference to the solutions and decisions. The hypotheses did potentially present the effects utilizing the variant methodologies yet the relative effect sizes can be concluded to be small. As a recommendation point, it is suggestive to perform a wider set of experimentation to determine the effect on the population in a larger scale, easing the process of generalization involved. Another noted challenge relative to this is that situational variables are not included in the study, which in a way is believed to affect the leadership of prominent leaders at times. This is a valuable asset, as a human can get influenced by the same greatly. In addition to this the domain related to the task can be a determinant of confidence in a leader, there are significant co-relations existing. While the strengths of this article is also a topic to discuss, although the topic of over-confidence needed an elaborate research, this article sets a beneficial framework on the conceptualization of over-confidence and its effects on leadership primarily citing the deficiencies as the indicators of the same. The results derived from the experiments conducted in this article definitely have practical implications on the real-time leaders guiding them to maintain a level of confidence that would be beneficial and not destructive in any way. Article Comparisons: The three presented articles with the set of results based on the experimentations and hypotheses majorly deal with the organizational management, which might get affected by some situational and natural characteristics prevailing in an environment or an individual. The prime factor is power and the related effects. The first article in consideration, through conduction of five experiments successfully shows the persistent effect of power on an individuals confidence and eventually his/her performances (Fast et al. 2012). In recent history, recorded events are even a proof for the stated objective in the article. Gaining power eventually increases ones self-confidence to high levels resulting in a destructive way of decision-making, which can prove to be potentially harmful for the organization and others. While the next article states the relationship between power and loss aversions. Conducting four experiments, it was constructive to highlight the behavioral changes that take place once an individual gains power (Inesi 2010). The experimentations successfully show that the basis of the decisions taken by power-holders is the reduced loss aversion and the anticipation of higher level of gains. The diagnosed information states that the power-holders are often accused of being hypocrites. The article builds a successful relationship between the facts that higher the power, lower is the risks of loss aversions also showing those with more power are surrounded by a greater number of rewards. The final experiment in the article set together the results to evidently present The next article focuses on the results over-confidence derived from position and power can lead to destructive leadership qualities (Shipman and Mumford 2011). Sample hypotheses were constructed to highlight the adverse effects of over-confidence on an individuals leadership qualities including his decision-making, vision and planning towards a subjective issue. The results are relative to practical implications surrounding real-world leaders. The article in a commendable way contributes to growing literature on self-confidence alongside its importance stating the fact that an excessive amount of the same, can prove to be destructive in the management process. It is an excellent guide towards a sustainable leadership and control measures for over-confidence. Conclusion: This article states power often enhances the self-confidence to the level that it takes the form of over-confidence, which in turn results in a decision-making at times, evidently proved to cause potential harm for others associated in that matter of concern (Fast et al. 2012). The five experiments conducted in the article highlights the fact that over-confident people afford power-filled roles and alongside these roles eventually make them more over-confident. The studies show the reasons leading the powerful people to perform destructively, over-confidence being prime factor. Through such ways of decision-making, they often take an ill-informed decision with lack of proper market research or situation analysis, which eventually harm the organization and its employees as pre-mentioned two cases involving the demise of the workers and the CEO. Over-confidence leads to a lacking sense of responsibility towards performances and decisions. For further research it is suggestive built or find control measures that would shape the over-confidence down to the level of confidence that will prove to be beneficial and safe for the organization. This article shows that power eventually reduces the loss aversion with significant implications stating a relationship between power and loss aversion. Situational variables are responsible for at times, activating the high-level power mindset. The pointers included in the discovery included in the article state that with a possibility of high-level gains, individuals often experience a shift in the behavioral and decision-making aspects. The power-holders are often seen to have least amount of concerns about the consequences of their decisions rather focus on the anticipated gains they are subjected to. Thus in a practical sense it is rational as possessing power would definitely reduce the loss aversion and more rewards, of which the society should be aware. The psychology of power suggests more rewards than any usual. The article relating over-confidence and adverse leadership qualities through hypotheses of small size samples predicts the psychology of over-confident people (Shipman and Mumford 2011). The contribution from this article proves to be a constructive guide towards leaders of real-time organization as the power and designations assigned often cause a tilt in the behavioral aspects of the individuals. The hypotheses present the positive results of possessing self-belief, which is an essentiality for a leader simultaneously suggesting few control measures against over-confidence, which can alter the positivity to negative traits as is evident through hypotheses 1 2. While hypotheses show a negative influence of seeing deficiencies and positive outcomes on planning tactics and similarly, hypotheses 5 6 present the vision challenges due to over-confidence. As a recommendation, it is suggestive to conduct a more real-time experiment to ease out the idea of generalization and wider knowledg e of the effects on population. References Fast, N.J., Sivanathan, N., Mayer, N.D. and Galinsky, A.D., 2012. Power and overconfident decision-making.Organizational behavior and human decision processes,117(2), pp.249-260. Inesi, M.E., 2010. Power and loss aversion.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,112(1), pp.58-69. Shipman, A.S. and Mumford, M.D., 2011. When confidence is detrimental: Influence of overconfidence on leadership effectiveness.The Leadership Quarterly,22(4), pp.649-665